只有想不到，没有做不到。还是在这里，我惊奇地发现Mathematica居然有DictionaryLookup和WordData这样的函数（我的6.0里就有，不知道5.x有没有）。于是，一连串牛B的Mathematica用法出现了：

 
包含ijk三个连续字母的单词：
In[1]:= DictionaryLookup["*" ~~ "ijk" ~~ "*"]
Out[1]= {"Dijkstra"}

 
连续三次出现重复字母的单词：
In[2]:= DictionaryLookup[RegularExpression[".*(.)\1(.)\2(.)\3.*"]]
Out[2]= {"bookkeeper", "bookkeepers", "bookkeeping"}

 
首尾三个（及以上）的字母完全相同的单词：
In[3]:= DictionaryLookup[RegularExpression["([a-z]{3,})[a-z]*\1"]]
Out[3]= {"abracadabra", "anticoagulant", "antidepressant", \
"antioxidant", "antiperspirant", "bedaubed", "beriberi", "bonbon", \
"cancan", "chichi", "couscous", "dumdum", "entailment", \
"entanglement", "entertainment", "enthrallment", "enthronement", \
"enticement", "entitlement", "entombment", "entrainment", \
"entrancement", "entrapment", "entrenchment", "froufrou", "hotshot", \
"hotshots", "ingesting", "ingoing", "ingraining", "ingratiating", \
"ingrowing", "ionization", "mesdames", "microcosmic", "murmur", \
"muumuu", "outshout", "outshouts", "physiography", "pompom", \
"redelivered", "rediscovered", "respires", "restores", \
"restructures", "tartar", "tessellates", "testates", "testes", \
"tormentor", "tsetse", "underfund", "underground"}

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Wolfram Blog最近提到了一些新发现的anagram (?)，比起那些经典的anagram毫不逊色。它们是：

Centenarian == Near ancient.   (Dan Fortier)
Heel claims == me, Achilles.   (Paul Pan)
Remains hot == in a Thermos.   (Adrian Hickford)
True friends == endure rifts.   (Joe Fathallah)
Homo sapiens == Ape’s son, IMHO.   (Noam D. Elkies)
Internet spam == It’s permanent.   (Tom Myers)
Rats and mice == in cat’s dream.   (Joe Fathallah)
Metamorphosis == Promises a moth.   (Andrew Brehaut)
A marble statue == Mute alabaster.   (Rosie Perera)
Borderline case == Reconsiderable.   (David Bourke)
Slices of bread == describes loaf.   (Dean Mayer)
I’d do anything! == Had no dignity.   (Tony Crafter)
Valentine amulets == Sentimental value.   (Allan Morley)
Designated driver == Danger is diverted.   (Mick Tully)
American education == An academic routine.   (Jesse Frankovich)
Gone with the Wind? == Then weigh it down!   (Toby Gottfried)
One thousand kilos == Oh, sounds like a ton!   (Hans-Peter Reich)
Classified document == Found access limited.   (Adrian Hickford)
A domestic housecat == Does it catch a mouse?   (David Bourke)
An appointment diary == Pop in at any darn time.   (Larry Brash)
Spaghetti & meatballs == Best light pasta meal.   (Toby Gottfried)

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    今年年初就有写这篇文章的打算，但迟迟未动键盘。我一直想给大家介绍一下北大中文系的应用语言学专业，与大家分享一下自己的亲身经历和切身体会，让更多理科生关注这个新兴专业，顺便也骗一些理科小loli到我们专业来（我喜欢的类型）。现在离高考越来越近了，再不写就不行了。其它一些废话我就不多说了，关于北大中文系应用语言学专业到底是咋回事，包括它的定位和出路，网上到处都有介绍。你可以在这里看到一些比较正式的专业介绍，以及一份详细的课程表。其它一些如志愿填报、学习生活之类的比较杂的问题我也不谈了，王婵娟师姐的文章已经写的很详细了。这里主要侃一下我目前所学到的几门课程。

    考虑到这篇文章可能会被到处转载，首先告诉大家，我的Blog是matrix67.com。你可以从这个Blog的内容里看到，我的思维是非常纯的理科思维，除了科幻小说和文字游戏以外，对语言文字提不起任何兴趣。因此，这里你可以看一看，一个对传统文学甚至有些抵触心理的应用语言学学生是如何看这个专业的。
    大一的专业课主要是现代汉语、古代汉语、现代文学史、计算概论和高等数学(C)。计算概论说穿了就是学C语言，高等数学说穿了就是微积分。这两个我都不说了。这里主要说一下前面三个和中文相关的专业课程。

现代汉语

    现代汉语是所有中文的专业课中最科学的课程之一，说穿了就是现代汉语语言学。我是相当喜欢这门课程的，希望你读到下面这段文字后也会对这门课产生一些兴趣。之前写了这篇日志，讲了汉语中某些词类的个别词语的特殊语法现象，想不到真的有人感兴趣，并期待我更新更多类似的东西。我们继续那篇日志，再选一些现代汉语课上学到的有趣的东西说说，希望大家能喜欢。

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    我承认我确实N久没更新了，整天写那个该死的现文史论文。昨天终于写完了，休息一下，今天又来更新~~
    中文系里的课程也有比较科学的，我觉得现代汉语是所有中文系必修课程中最科学的课。上学期讲完语音后，这学期进入了语法部分。我一直想写一点与语言学相关的东西，骗些理科小MM来这个专业玩。这里先说一些最近几次课上比较有趣的东西，一些比较系统的汉语语言学小知识留着以后再说吧。下次课我们可能还会学到一些类似的东西，到时候我接着在这儿更新。
    下面是一些有趣的题目，它们可以从另一个角度来考验你的思维能力。先不忙着看答案，看你能想出多少来。

1. 找一个动词，它前面不能加“不”
2. 找一个动词，它前面不能加“没”
3. 找一个动词，它前面既不能加“不”，也不能加“没”
4. 找一个动词，它后面不能加助词“着”、“了”、“过”
5. 找一个动词，它前面可以直接加“很”来修饰
6. 找一个形容词，它前面不能加“不”
7. 找一个形容词，它前面不能加“很”
8. 找一个形容词，它不能直接用作定语
9. 找一个形容词，它不能重叠使用（如“高高的”、“高高兴兴的”）
10. 找一个名词，它前面不能加数量词来修饰
11. 找一个名词，它不能用作主语
12. 找一个名词，它不能用作宾语
13. 找一个名词，它后面可以加上“地”用作状语
14. 找一个名词，它可以直接用作状语（不加“地”）
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    上学期的英语课里学到的一个最牛B的东西就是“a moving moving moving van”。你知道短语里每个“moving”各是什么意思吗？答案如下：

A truck which carries everything you own is a moving van, and it's easy to visualize a moving moving van. Can you imagine, though, being moved to tears about moving your possessions and thus seeing it as a moving moving moving van?

    当然，这还不算牛B。另一个经典的牛B句子包含了五个连续的“and”：

The landlord of a pub called The Pig And Whistle asked a signwriter to make a new sign. When he saw it he thought that the words were too close together so he said to the signwriter "I want more space between Pig and And and And and Whistle".

    另外，那个关于had had had的句子也很有趣。你能给下面这句话加上合适的标点吗？

John where Peter had had had had had had had had had had had the most marks in the exam

    加上合适的标点后，这句话的内容是完全合理的。这句话可能会出现在语法课上，可以理解如下：

John, where Peter had had 'had', had had 'had had'; 'Had had' had had the most marks in the exam.

    这句话的另一个常见的版本是：

James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher

    之所以写这些东西，是因为刚才在digg上看到了一个类似的牛B东东。你相信吗，下面这句话在语法上是完全合理的，整句话里不再需要引号之类的其它标点：

Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo.

    试图理解这句话之前，你可以先查一查单词buffalo有哪些意思。buffalo可以当水牛讲，而Buffalo也是美国纽约的一个城市。buffalo还可以用作动词，是恐吓、威胁的意思。因此，这句话可以这样理解：

[Those] (Buffalo buffalo) [whom] (Buffalo buffalo buffalo) buffalo (Buffalo buffalo).

    意思是，Buffalo市里有这样一些水牛，该市的其它水牛都威吓着它们，而它们反过来也恐吓着这个城市里的其它水牛。

    Anagram是一个比较流行的英文文字游戏，本Blog之前曾经介绍过，这里我再提一下。Anagram就是把一个词或者一句话里的字母重新排列，组成一个新的单词或句子，通常前后两者有一种讽刺的意味。比如，Dormitory = Dirty Room，或者Desperation = A Rope Ends It。创作一个有意思的Anagram并不是一件容易的事，你很可能需要计算机的帮助才能找到合适的词。例如，我们可以利用Hash表瞬间找出与给定单词所使用的字母完全相同的单词。我们可以把字典中每个单词的字母按照字母顺序重新排列，于是对单词dame和made操作后的结果都是adem，这样的话使用字母完全相同的单词就对应了一个唯一的Hash值，我们就可以方便地把它们归在一起。
    而实际上，这个Hash表往往没什么用。一个Anagram很可能是由多个单词构成的，因此我们更希望知道，使用某个单词中的字母（不一定全部使用）可以构造出哪些新的单词。例如，我输入单词dormitory，则程序可以输出dirty, motor, trim, dry, room等单词。很多Anagram辅助程序都有这样的功能，并且这也单独作为一个文字游戏存在。我们称这种只用到一部分给定字母的单词叫做不完全Anagram。假如字典里共有n个单词，输入数据长度为l，那么你怎样才能找出所有的不完全Anagram？一种方法是遍历所有n个单词，依次判断每个单词是否合法；另一种方法则是枚举输入数据的2^l子集，对每个子集在之前建立的Hash表中查询一次。现在，你能否想出一个数据结构，使得你的Anagram辅助程序能够以最快的速度输出任何一个给定单词的不完全Anagram？













































  
    答案比你想像的更简单，这是一个非常简单的数据结构。我们建立一棵高度为26的树，按照每个字母出现的次数像Trie一样插入到树中。比如，abacus有2个a，于是插入到根的第二个子树里，接下来数出字母b的个数为1，并继续沿标号为1的边往下走，依此类推。最后，所有的数据都存放在对应的叶子节点上。查询时，在每个节点上只需数一数输入数据中对应字母的个数N，沿着标号小于等于N的边往下走就行了。
    下面是一个非常有趣的问题：这个数据结构还有什么优化的余地？比如，单词在树中是按照从A到Z的顺序依次分类，但实际上我们可以任意调整这个顺序。那么，你觉得建这棵树时是先按E、T等常用字母的个数分类好，还是先按照Q、Z等不常用字母的个数分类好？这个问题很简单，留给大家思考吧。
    另一个比较类似的东西是用于拼写检查的数据结构。这两个有趣的数据结构都是我在这里看到的。

做人要厚道
转贴请注明出处

Ambigram
    Ambigram是指把一个单词或短语写成对称的样子，这样从两个不同的角度看这个图形都能读出这个单词或短语。例如，下面一个图形就是单词Ambigram的Ambigram：
      

    ambigram.com的首页有个这样的图片：
      

    Wikipedia上有这样一个Ambigram：
      

    最后来看一个左右轴对称的Ambigram（献丑了）：
      

    Erich Friedman教授为他的朋友创作了很多Ambigram。你可以在他的个人主页上看到。

Alphametic
    Alphametic是指，把一句话写成加法算式，每一个字母表示一个数字，那么这个“虫食算”有唯一解。最常见的Alphametic可能是这个：
    SEND + MORE = MONEY
    它的唯一解是9567 + 1085 = 10652

    另一些Alphametic如下：
    FIFTY + STATES = AMERICA
    TERRIBLE + NUMBER = THIRTEEN
    EARTH + AIR + FIRE + WATER = NATURE
    SATURN + URANUS + NEPTUNE + PLUTO = PLANETS

    1969年，有人发现了这样一个有趣的Alphametic：
    THREE + THREE + TWO + TWO + ONE = ELEVEN

    这样的Alphametic叫做Doubly-True Alphametic。可以证明上面这个Doubly-True Alphametic是合法的Alphametic中“最小的”一个。另外两个稍微大一点的Doubly-True Alphametic为：
    SEVEN + SEVEN + SIX = TWENTY
    EIGHT + EIGHT + TWO + ONE + ONE = TWENTY

Mnemonic
    Mnemonic本意是可以帮助记忆的句子。例如，我原来记together这个单词就记作We want to get her。再比如，arithmetic可以记作A Rat In Tom's House Might Eat Tom's Ice Cream（每个单词的首字母）。当然，也有一些专门搞笑的Mnemonic，比如Microsoft = Most Intelligent Customers Realize Our Software Only Fools Them，而Macintosh = Most Applications Crash. If Not, The Operating System Hangs。
    数学家George Pólya（就是Pólya置换定理的那个Pólya）曾说过一句经典的话：How I need a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy chapters involving quantum mechanics! 依次数出每个单词的字母个数，你会惊讶的发现它正好是圆周率的前15位。后来又有人在后面加上一句All of thy geometry, Herr Planck, is fairly hard，让圆周率长度增加到24位。另一些圆周率的Mnemonic如下：
    Can I have a large container of orange juice?
    May I have a white telephone, or pastel color?
    How I wish I could calculate pi faster.
    For a girl I loved contrived; by nature tough, her heart survived.

    下面这首诗给出了圆周率的前740位。其中10个字母的单词表示一个数字0，字母数大于10的单词则表示两位数。

Poe, E.
      Near a Raven

Midnights so dreary, tired and weary.
    Silently pondering volumes extolling all by-now obsolete lore.
During my rather long nap - the weirdest tap!
    An ominous vibrating sound disturbing my chamber's antedoor.
        "This", I whispered quietly, "I ignore".

Perfectly, the intellect remembers: the ghostly fires, a glittering ember.
    Inflamed by lightning's outbursts, windows cast penumbras upon this floor.
Sorrowful, as one mistreated, unhappy thoughts I heeded:
    That inimitable lesson in elegance - Lenore -
        Is delighting, exciting...nevermore.

Ominously, curtains parted (my serenity outsmarted),
    And fear overcame my being - the fear of "forevermore".
Fearful foreboding abided, selfish sentiment confided,
    As I said, "Methinks mysterious traveler knocks afore.
        A man is visiting, of age threescore."

Taking little time, briskly addressing something: "Sir," (robustly)
    "Tell what source originates clamorous noise afore?
Disturbing sleep unkindly, is it you a-tapping, so slyly?
    Why, devil incarnate!--" Here completely unveiled I my antedoor--
        Just darkness, I ascertained - nothing more.

While surrounded by darkness then, I persevered to clearly comprehend.
    I perceived the weirdest dream...of everlasting "nevermores".
Quite, quite, quick nocturnal doubts fled - such relief! - as my intellect said,
    (Desiring, imagining still) that perchance the apparition was uttering a whispered "Lenore".
        This only, as evermore.

Silently, I reinforced, remaining anxious, quite scared, afraid,
    While intrusive tap did then come thrice - O, so stronger than sounded afore.
"Surely" (said silently) "it was the banging, clanging window lattice."
    Glancing out, I quaked, upset by horrors hereinbefore,
        Perceiving: a "nevermore".

Completely disturbed, I said, "Utter, please, what prevails ahead.
    Repose, relief, cessation, or but more dreary 'nevermores'?"
The bird intruded thence - O, irritation ever since! -
    Then sat on Pallas' pallid bust, watching me (I sat not, therefore),
        And stated "nevermores".

Bemused by raven's dissonance, my soul exclaimed, "I seek intelligence;
    Explain thy purpose, or soon cease intoning forlorn 'nevermores'!"
"Nevermores", winged corvus proclaimed - thusly was a raven named?
    Actually maintain a surname, upon Pluvious seashore?
        I heard an oppressive "nevermore".

My sentiments extremely pained, to perceive an utterance so plain,
    Most interested, mystified, a meaning I hoped for.
"Surely," said the raven's watcher, "separate discourse is wiser.
    Therefore, liberation I'll obtain, retreating heretofore -
        Eliminating all the 'nevermores' ".

Still, the detestable raven just remained, unmoving, on sculptured bust.
    Always saying "never" (by a red chamber's door).
A poor, tender heartache maven - a sorrowful bird - a raven!
    O, I wished thoroughly, forthwith, that he'd fly heretofore.
        Still sitting, he recited "nevermores".

The raven's dirge induced alarm - "nevermore" quite wearisome.
    I meditated: "Might its utterances summarize of a calamity before?"
O, a sadness was manifest - a sorrowful cry of unrest;
    "O," I thought sincerely, "it's a melancholy great - furthermore,
        Removing doubt, this explains 'nevermores' ".

Seizing just that moment to sit - closely, carefully, advancing beside it,
    Sinking down, intrigued, where velvet cushion lay afore.
A creature, midnight-black, watched there - it studied my soul, unawares.
    Wherefore, explanations my insight entreated for.
        Silently, I pondered the "nevermores".

"Disentangle, nefarious bird! Disengage - I am disturbed!"
    Intently its eye burned, raising the cry within my core.
"That delectable Lenore - whose velvet pillow this was, heretofore,
    Departed thence, unsettling my consciousness therefore.
        She's returning - that maiden - aye, nevermore."

Since, to me, that thought was madness, I renounced continuing sadness.
    Continuing on, I soundly, adamantly forswore:
"Wretch," (addressing blackbird only) "fly swiftly - emancipate me!"
    "Respite, respite, detestable raven - and discharge me, I implore!"
        A ghostly answer of: "nevermore".

" 'Tis a prophet? Wraith? Strange devil? or the ultimate evil?"
    "Answer, tempter-sent creature!", I inquired, like before.
"Forlorn, though firmly undaunted, with 'nevermores' quite indoctrinated,
    Is everything depressing, generating great sorrow evermore?
        I am subdued!", I then swore.

In answer, the raven turned - relentless distress it spurned.
    "Comfort, surcease, quiet, silence!" - pleaded I for.
"Will my (abusive raven!) sorrows persist unabated?
    Nevermore Lenore respondeth?", adamantly I encored.
        The appeal was ignored.

"O, satanic inferno's denizen -- go!", I said boldly, standing then.
    "Take henceforth loathsome "nevermores" - O, to an ugly Plutonian shore!
Let nary one expression, O bird, remain still here, replacing mirth.
    Promptly leave and retreat!", I resolutely swore.
        Blackbird's riposte: "nevermore".

So he sitteth, observing always, perching ominously on these doorways.
    Squatting on the stony bust so untroubled, O therefore.
Suffering stark raven's conversings, so I am condemned, subserving,
    To a nightmare cursed, containing miseries galore.
        Thus henceforth, I'll rise (from a darkness, a grave) -- nevermore!

                        -- original: E. Poe
                        -- Redone by measuring circles.

Lipogram
    看看下面这句话有什么问题？

This is an unusual paragraph. I'm curious how quickly you can find out what is so unusual about it. It looks so plain you would think nothing was wrong with it! In fact, nothing is wrong with it! It is unusual though. Study it, and think about it, but you still may not find anything odd. But if you work at it a bit, you might find out! Try to do so without any coaching!

    答案：这段话里竟然没有一个字母e ！
    Lipogram就是指的这样一个段落（甚至文章），里面缺少某个常用的字母。在所有的Lipogram中，写一个没有字母e的文章是最难的，因为字母e出现的频率最高。
    看一个比较长的Lipogram。下面这篇文章里硬是没有一个字母e！

Looking at this paragraph with confusion? I'll aid you slightly. Is any odd gap, lacuna or omission obvious to you? Got it now? No?

That's right - this is a lipogram - a book, paragraph or similar thing in writing that lacks a symbol, particularly (but not always) that symbol fifth in rank out of our 26 script-signs (found amidst 'd' and 'f'), which stands for a sound such as that in 'kiwi'. I won't bring it up right now, to avoid spoiling it. I could play with lipograms morning, noon and night. So it is with joy that I submit to you this location – truly, a loquacious location – for lipogram fanatics to join as a unit to glorify this form of wordplay.

As far as I know, this location has a distinct honour: it contains such an abundant quantity of words without using this taboo glyph that no WWW location can outmatch it. As of right now, it contains 1500 words without any hint of that symbol. Naturally, many long lipograms abound in print, including books, rhyming stanzas, and similar works of fiction. Most notably, La Disparition (A Void) by a famous author of a writing group known as Oulipo, stands out as a paragon of lipogrammaticity. I cannot aim to surpass it, but as a fan, I can look upon it with admiration.

Writing lipograms is, as you might think, a difficult task. In my lingo, 2/3 of all words contain that symbol which I am now avoiding, including many common pronouns and similar words commonly found in writing. Without using abbrvs., slang and odd jargon, which most purists scorn as cop-outs, it's darn tough to impart information in a stylistically satisfying way. Stripping paragraphs of particular symbols has a way of making looking at lipograms jarring. No doubt about it, a lipogram is a particularly arduous form of wordplay.

Having said this, acquiring a knack for lipogram composition isn't that hard, and may assist you in your non-lipogrammatic writing. Not to say that I'm without aid in this activity; my dictionary is always handy, as is a book with synonyms for words. And, notwithstanding any drawbacks flowing from passing many an hour looking for unusual ways to say ordinary things, it might aid your socialization skills. Chicks truly dig lipogrammatists, or so my old lady says.

Sadly, a handful of critics find lipograms ridiculous, ugly or without worth (as fiction or as wordplay). To such sorry saps, I say only that in constraining your thoughts and writing in a particular way aids in promoting branching paths of thought, thus amplifying vocabulary and instilling adroit linguistic skills among both young and old. By putting into praxis ways of thinking that wouldn't occur normally, lipograms call for authors to look at writing as an activity in ways that, frankly, wouldn't occur to such niggling adjudicators of linguistic conduct.

Withholding a symbol found in so many words has drastic symptoms that disallow many topics of discussion. (From this point on, I'll stick to talking about that sign I'm skipping right now). Using math is almost an impossibility; you can only maintain 15 of all non-digital words for cardinal quantity up to 100, and hardly any at all past that point, though using digits is a good way out. You can go north or south, but talking about circumnavigating our world latitudinally is an impossibility. How can I possibly talk about various kinds of malt liquor, or parts of my body, without it? To top it all off, as an Anglo, strict prohibitions apply to naming of my own form of linguistic communication. I ought to thank my lucky stars that I'm not writing in lipogrammatic français, though, which holds on to only an octal portion of its original vocabulary.

But all is not lost. Surprisingly, profanity is mostly intact. As a practicing lipogrammatist, you'll find you want many such words, for it is a task so awkward as to call for cussing and cursing on a normal basis. A world map is truly a blissful oasis; my country (Canada) is totally satisfactory, as with most toponyms for nations (111 out of 186, by my count); with a bit of work, USA, UK, and so on, can still show up, and with twin island nations Trinidad and Tobago and Antigua and Barbuda (both with 17 glyphs) topping my list for prolongation. Musicians (particularly classical artists), astonishingly, hold firm as topics of discussion, with Bach, Bartok, Brahms, Chopin, Dvorak, Haydn, Holst, Liszt, Mozart, orff, Puccini, Rachmaninov, Rossini, Scarlatti, Schumann, Strauss, Stravinsky, Tchaikovsky and Vivaldi void of my lost non-consonant.

An additional branch of family Lipogrammatica consists of univocalics. This form of wordplay is akin to a lipogram, but contains a solitary sign that's not a consonant. To wit, a univocalic might omit 'a', 'i', 'o', and 'u' (but what about 'y'?). A univocalic has a sonorant quality that a lipogram lacks, so you must look at a lipogram, but contrarily, a univocalic is both auditory and visual, and has a strong sound if said aloud. Univocalic writing is hard to pull off, but if it's good, its payoff is gigantic.

另外推荐本Blog里的两个相关内容：
http://www.matrix67.com/blog/article.asp?id=104
http://www.matrix67.com/blog/article.asp?id=173

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Crossword
    Crossword我就不用多废话了，这应该是最流行的英文文字游戏。和大多数人想象的不同，构造一个Crossword谜题非常难。真正的Crossword谜题里的空格比你想象的更多，整个填字区域要做到中心对称，而且通常每个Crossword需要有一个特定的主题。去年有一个记录片叫Wordplay，很不错（我给它打了8分）。记录片里介绍了很多和Crossword有关的文化，包括出谜人、解谜人、俱乐部、比赛等很多内容。
    下面是一个以数学为主题的Crossword，大家没事可以做做。答案在本文最后面。

  
Across

1. Cut corners
5. The __ plane, or S(7)
9. Hydrogen
14. Large reptile
16. Column
17. Gives the slope of a tangent to a curve
19. Book by Zienkiewicz and Taylor, abbr.
20. Divide
21. Sin reciprocal
22. The playing field, in nim
25. "I saw Blanusa's paper __ after it appeared." -- Tutte
26. pronoun
27. Hydroxyl group bonded to a doubly-bonded carbon atom
28. (e^z - e^(-z))/2
29. Bar
30. The sphinx is a __-tile
31. __-digit
32. Fit
35. A type of map projection
38. The ___ hypothesis is independent of Zermelo-Fraenkel-Choice
39. Floor coverings, frequently symmetrical
40. Graph theorist Hai Peng
41. Angle
42. Branch or Dedekind
43. Math __ (where to find a prof)
44. 2, 4, 6, 30, 32, 34, 36, 40, 42 ...
46. Art __
47. Computer Algebra: Systems and Algorithms for Algebraic Computation editor
48. MAA president Graham
49. Rule
50. As opposed to LHS
51. The gamma function has these at negative integers
57. Puzzle creator van Deventer
58. Tries
59. Paris river
60. Philosopher Descartes
61. Charts

Down

1. Saturnine
2. Director of Ulugh Beg's observatory
3. 3-30 KHz, as heard by "whistler" receivers
4. An OOPL or tower.
5. Plow
6. Supped
7. Proof of existance, without a specific example
8. Hermite orthogonal polynomial
9. Stat
10. GTE rival
11. Quasi-conformal enemy of Edmund Landau
12. (23/9)^5 and 109, for example
13. Ergo
15. Pilot stunt: "pulling ___"
18. Faraday theory, later proven by Arrhenius
22. Peace prize winner Shimon
23. J of ___ and Appl
24. The Inverse Variational Problem in Classical Mechanics author
25. The "sampling" function
26. A searching method for Ramsey numbers
28. "What I give form to in daylight is only one per cent of what I have __ in darkness." -- Escher
29. boxers
31. High school math
32. Add-with-carry, inverse congruential, rule 30, dice, etc.
33. Chaos and Fractals author Dietmar
34. Graphica author Michael
36. ICOSAHOM editor Andrew
37. Focus, for example
42. Triangle part studied by Kimberling
43. In anatomy, away from the origin
44. More than 1500 math papers have his name
45. Where Set theory: On the structure of the real line was written
46. Actor Knotts
47. Number theorist Peter
49. Sported
50. Theorem
52. Cylinder
53. O'__ group (order 460815505920)
54. Skater Midori
55. Mind plotter
56. It's better than angle-angle-side

Anagram
    Anagram是指调整一个单词或短语的字母顺序后组成另外一个单词或短语，通常前后两者的关系有点讽刺意味。比如，《达芬奇密码》上就有一个：
    O, Draconian devil! Oh, lame saint! = Leonardo da Vinci, The Mona Lisa

    经典的Anagram非常有意思。看下面几个Anagram：
    Listen = Silent
    Dormitory = Dirty Room
    Desperation = A Rope Ends It
    Mother-in-law = Woman Hitler
    A telephone girl = Repeating "Hello"
    The country side = No City Dust Here

    一些Anagram有可能很长。比如这一个：
    To be or not to be: that is the question, whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune.
    = In one of the Bard's best-thought-of tragedies, our insistent hero, Hamlet, queries on two fronts about how life turns rotten.

    另一个有趣的Anagram是这样：
    Eleven plus two = Twelve plus one

Pangram
    Pangram是指这样一种句子，它虽然不长，但包含了所有26个英文字母。Pangram常用于打字机测试和字体演示。大家最熟悉不过的是Windows字体演示时所用的Pangram：
    The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

    而Macintosh的字体演示则是使用的这个Pangram：
    Cozy lummox gives smart squid who asks for job pen.

    另一个比较常见的Pangram如下：
    Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.

    当然，有人肯定想问，有没有最短的Pangram？当然有。有的Pangram只有26个字母（每个字母恰好用一次），这样的Pangram叫做Perfect pangram。比如下面这一个：
    New job: fix Mr. Gluck's hazy TV, PDQ!

Autogram
    Autogram又叫做Self-enumerating Sentence，是指一句话的内容描述的正是这句话本身。下面是一些常见的Autogram：
    This sentence contains five words.
    This sentence contains thirty-six letters.
    There are fourteen vowels in this sentence.

    1982年，Scientific American月刊上刊登出一个Autogram杰作：

Only the fool would take trouble to verify that his sentence was composed of ten a's, three b's, four c's, four d's, forty-six e's, sixteen f's, four g's, thirteen h's, fifteen i's, two k's, nine l's, four m's, twenty-five n's, twenty-four o's, five p's, sixteen r's, forty-one s's, thirty-seven t's, ten u's, eight v's, eight w's, four x's, eleven y's, twenty-seven commas, twenty-three apostrophes, seven hyphens and, last but not least, a single !

    另一个类似的Autogram如下：

This autogram contains five a's, one b, two c's, two d's, thirty-one e's, five f's, five g's, eight h's, twelve i's, one j, one k, two l's, two m's, eighteen n's, sixteen o's, one p, one q, six r's, twenty-seven s's, twenty-one t's, three u's, seven v's, eight w's, three x's, four y's, and one z.

Palindrome
    Palindrome是指这样一种单词或句子，从左往右和从右往左读都是一样的。例如，单词eye, noon, level, racecar, redivider都是Palindrome。一些比较长的句子也可能是Palindrome，比如USACO上曾出现过这样一个Palindrome：
    Madam, I'm Adam.

    另一些有趣的Palindrome如下：
    Never odd or even.
    Was it a cat I saw?
    Step on no pets!
    Dammit, I'm mad!
    Rise to vote, sir.
    God lived as a devil dog.
    A man, a plan, a canal -- Panama!

    1814年，当拿破仑被流放到Elba岛时，拿破仑曾说过：
    Able was I ere I saw Elba.

    这里有一份号称世上最长的Palindrome。

Alphamagic Square
    1986年，一个叫Lee Sallows的电子工程师发现了这样一个3阶幻方：
5       22      18
28      15      2
12      8       25

    初看之下这个幻方似乎没有什么特别之处。然而，把它转换成文字后：
five            twenty-two      eighteen
twenty-eight    fifteen         two
twelve          eight           twenty-five

    再数一下每个单词的字母个数，我们可以得到一个新的幻方，它恰好由3到11这9个数字组成：
4       9       8
11      7       3
6       5       10

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